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Cisco Certification: The OSI Model, Part I |
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To conquer the Introduction To Cisco Networking exam, and
to begin the process of becoming an expert network troubleshooter,
you have to master the OSI model and learn what happens at
each of the seven layers.
In this three-part series, we'll examine each level of the
OSI model, paying particular attention to the details that
will help you pass the CCNA exams and give you the foundation
you need to become a true networking professional.
We'll start at the top layer, the Application layer.
It won't surprise you to find that the Application layer
is the OSI model layer where most end users have interaction
with said applications. Passing the CCNA exam is all in the
details, though, and you need to know what happens at the
Application layer, as well as the common and not-so-common
applications that run at this layer.
The Application layer’s tasks include identifying the
remote communication partner, ensuring that the needed resources
for communicating with that partner exist, and user authentication.
If you’re prompted for authentication, you’re most
likely at the Application layer of the OSI model.
Keep that in mind if asked to identify Application layer
protocols. I’ve noticed that CCNA candidates tend to
identify Telnet as running at the Application layer. That’s
an understandable misconception, since the first thing you
enter in Telnet is an IP address, and it’s often used
to communicate with a router. However, keep in mind that Telnet
is an Application layer service, not a Network layer service.
You’ve got to authenticate to Telnet to a Cisco router
in the first place, remember!
Other common applications that run at Layer 7 are Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP, port 25) and File Transfer Protocol
(FTP, port 21).
In short, if an end user is interacting with a program, especially
if they’re being prompted for authentication by a program
such as Telnet or FTP, they’re working at the Application
layer of the OSI model.
Let’s take a look at the Presentation layer.
Layer 6 of the OSI model is the Presentation Layer. While
we don’t have a great deal of interaction with this layer,
you need to know what happens at this layer to pass your Intro
and CCNA exams.
The main purpose of the Presentation Layer is making sure
that the communication that will be seen at the Application
Layer is presented in the appropriate format.
That’s all well and good, but what does it mean? J Have
you ever opened a document with MS Word and gotten screens
and screen of garbage? That’s a presentation layer problem
– the program being used to open the document is unable
to present the data in an appropriate format.
The three major tasks of the Presentation layer:
1. Compatibility with the operating system.
2. Proper encapsulation of data for network transmission.
3. Data Formatting (ASCII, binary)
Encryption and compression of data is also handled at the
presentation layer.
Let’s keep working our way down the OSI Model. Next
up, the Session Layer!
The Session layer of the OSI model basically acts as the
manager for the entire model. Some have called it the PHB
(Pointy-Haired Boss) of the OSI model if that helps you remember
its role, that’s fine with me!
The Session layer establishes, manages, and tears down connections
between applications. The Session layer uses port numbers
to keep multiple conversations between two end points separate.
You may have heard the term well-known port-numbers before.
That term refers to port numbers that are often-used and static
in that they use the same port numbers every time. You’ll
be expected to know common well-known port numbers to pass
your Intro exam, such as 23 for Telnet and 21 for FTP.
That’s about all there is to Layer 5, the Session Layer.
From here on out, there’s more you need to know about
each layer, and that starts with Layer 4 – the Transport
Layer. We'll take a look at that layer in Part II of this
OSI tutorial.
About the Author:
Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933, is the owner of The Bryant Advantage,
home of free CCNP and CCNA tutorials, The Ultimate CCNA Study
Package, and Ultimate CCNP Study Packages. For a FREE copy
of his latest e-books, “How To Pass The CCNA” and
“How To Pass The CCNP”, just visit the website!
You can also get FREE CCNA and CCNP exam questions every day!
Pass the CCNP exam with The Bryant Advantage!
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